What are the attractive forces that link atoms together? Chemical bonds.

Atoms that have the same number of valence electrons have similar physical and chemical properties.

What chemical bond results from the sharing of valence electrons with another atom? Covalent bond

The bond which has two atoms sharing a single pair of electrons? Single bond

The sharing of two pairs of electrons form a what kind of bond? Double bond

The sharing of three pairs of electrons is a what kind of bond? Triple bond

A nonpolar covalent bond is formed when both atoms have the same strength of electrical attraction for the shared electrons.

What bond is formed when one of the atoms has a stronger electrical attraction for the shared electrons than does the other atom? A polar covalent bond

A molecule which has oppositely charged ends or "poles" is called a dipole molecule.

A chemical bond in which positively charged ions are electrically attracted to negatively charged ions? Ionic bond

Mutually attracted ions form orderly geometric arrangements called ionic crystals.

The simplest ratio of the ions in the crystal is known as the formula unit of the compound.

The forces between molecules are called? Intermolecular forces

Intermolecular forces are the forces of adhesion and cohesion between molecules that bind them together to form larger objects.

London forces affect every type of molecule.

Dipolar forces are present only between polar molecules.

Hydrogen bonds are present only between certain types of polar molecules.

The intermolecular force of attraction between polar molecules is known as? Dipolar force.

London forces occur between all molecules wether polar or nonpolar.

London forces are the only intermolecular forces for nonpolar molecules.

Hydrogen bonds are the strongest force.

Molecules of hard or brittle substances are often arranged in a regular 3D pattern, those are called the crystalline substances.

Amorphous solids are molecules of softer, more pliable substances such as rubber, wax, and plastics.

The temperature at which melting occurs is the melting point.

If the molecules of a liquid are gradually slowed down ( by cooling ), the forces will bind them together, this is called the freezing point.

As pockets of gas form within the liquid ,rise to the surface, and escape, it is called the boiling point.

The molecules of a liquid will have a certain tendency to evaporate or escape from the liquid, this is called vapor pressure.

The boiling point of the liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure above the liquid.

Water cannot exist in the liquid state, but behaves as a gas regardless of the pressure upon it when it has reached the critical temperature.

The vapor pressure and boiling point of a substance depend upon two factors.

The solubility of a substance is the ability of one substance to be dissolved in another substance.

In a solution, the substance that dissolves is the solute

The substance into which the solute dissolves is the solvent.

If a given substance will not readily dissolve in a given solvent, the substance is insoluble

A chemical reaction is a chemical change resulting from a collision between atoms or molecules.

The original substances that undergo a chemical reaction are called the reactants.

The new substances produced by the reaction are known as the products.

An expression that uses chemical symbols to represent a chemical reaction is called a chemical equation.

The reactants are located on the left of the equation and the products on the right.

The subscript in each molecular formula indicated the number of atoms in each molecule.

An ordinary chemical reaction cannot create or destroy atoms, it only rearranges them.

The number of atoms in the reactant always equals the number of atoms in the product.

A chemical equation that has the same number of each type of atom on each side of the arrow is said to be balanced.

The kinetic energy necessary for colliding molecules to chemically react is called the activation energy of the reaction.

A reaction that occurs naturally with a negligible amount of activation energy is said to be spontaneous.

A chemical reaction that releases heat energy is known as an exothermic reaction.

Some chemical reactions, absorb heat energy and store it in the chemical bonds of the products, these are called endothermic reactions.

Heat and other natural processes in a system always tend towards less usable energy and greater disorder a principle known as the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The amount of decay or disorder in a system is known as the entropy of the system.

A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed in the reaction.

The four basic types of chemical reactions are combination reactions*decomposition reactions*single-displacement reactions*double displacement reactions*

Chemical reactions in which two or more substances combine to form a third substance are classified as combination reactions.

Chemical reactions in which a complex compound breaks down or decomposes to form different substances are classified as decomposition reactions.

Chemical reactions in which one element in a compound is replaced by another element is a single displacement reaction.

Two compounds react to form two new compounds which is a double displacement.

Some chemical reactions are reversible, under the right conditions it can be made to go the other way.

Salt is a general term which refers to many ionic compounds.

Acids have a sour taste.

Bases have a bitter taste and slippery feel.

Substances that are neither acids or bases are said to be neutral.

To describe the relative strength of an acid or base chemists use a system called the PH Scale, a measure of concentration of H20 irons in a given solution.

Such solutions are capable of conducting electricity, they are called electrolytes.

The process of passing an electric current through a electolyte to bring about a chemical reaction is called electrolyis.

A device for producing a chemical reaction by electrolysis is called an electrolytic cell.

Electrolytic cells can also be used to electroplate an object or form a thin coating of metal on it by electrolysis

Electrolysis is the process of producing a chemical reaction by electricity.

Compact portable sources of electricity are called voltaic cells, devices that produce electricity as a result of chemical reaction within them.

The most wisely used type of the voltaic cell is the dry cell.

These cells can store electric current for later use they are called storage cells

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon whether or not the compounds were formed by living things.

More chemical compounds are formed with carbon than with all other elements combined.

Carbon compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called isomers.

Many organic compounds contain only hydrogen and carbon; these compounds are called hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons are named for the number and arrangement of carbon atoms in each molecule.

All hydrocarbons having only single bonds between carbon atoms are called alkanes.

Hydrocarbons containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms are called alkenes.

Hydrocarbons containing one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms are called as alkynes.

Carbon atoms can also form ring shaped molecules, they are said to have a ‘cyclic’ or ‘ringshaped structure

Aromatic compounds have pleasant aromas, they have a cyclic structure but are unique.

These six electrons roam freely among the carbon atoms they are said to be delocalized.

Hydrocarbons that have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by different atoms or groups of atoms are called substituted hydrocarbons.

A group of atoms capable of replacing a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon is called a functional group.

Alkanes with one more more hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms of a halogen are called halokanes.

An organic compound that has had one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by an OH group is called an alcohol.

Organic compounds that contain the functional group -COOH- is called carboxylic acids.

The functional group of an ester is -COO-.

a soap is a long narrow molecule

detergents are organic compounds similar to soaps but capable of cleansing even in hard water

a polymer is simply a huge organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules or monomers

polymers are produced by a chemical process called polymerization

a living cell contains four types of organic compounds-

the field of biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of life

carbohydrates is the most important energy producing compounds in living cells,they serve as the cells field supply

simple carbohydrates containing up to a dozen carbon atoms are called sugars

glucose is found in both animals and plants

glucose is produced by green plants in a process called photosynthesis

two molecules of a simple sugar such as glucose can be linked together to form a larger molecule called a disaccharide

simple sugars can also be linked together in large numbers to form a polymer made of hundreds or thousands of simple sugars these are called polysaccharides

starches are used for food storage which is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals and people

cellulose forms the walls of plant cells and gives plants and trees their rigid structure

lipids are organic compounds composed of chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

the most basic type of lipids molecules is the fatty acid

fatty acids are usually combined into larger molecules called fats

fats that are liquid at room temp are called oils

saturated fats are usually solid at room temp, they are connected to many hydrogen atoms but they contain no double bonds

unsaturated fats have fewer hydrogen atoms and they have double bonds

cholesterol makes important chemical messengers called harmones

cholesterol is transported thru the blood stream of lipo proteins

lipo proteins are globules of cholesterol encased in a membrane made of lipids and proteins

LDL in the blood stream can cause diseases of the heart and arteries

HDL reduces the risk cardiovascular diseases

proteins are complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells

proteins are important because

amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

fibrous proteins are composed of long fairly straight chains of amino acids

globular protein is folded up

molecules of globular proteins have intricate 3-d shapes

enzymes are special globular proteins which initiate or regulate chemical reaction within the cell

nucleic acids contain the plans or blueprints that guide the construction of all proteins in the cell

DNA is the master program of the cell it contains info of the cell - what proteins are needed , how to build them , and how to put them together

basis connect the backbones of the molecule

the structure of DNA is sometimes described as a twisted ladder; bio-chemists refer to this structure as a double helix

the order in which these basis are strung contains the genetic code

a segment of DNA containing the code for a specific substance, task or characteristic is called a gene

when new protein is needed mechanisms in the nucleus transcribe or make a copy of the segment of the DNA

RNA is transported to where the protein will be manufactured

glucose is burned in special power plants within the cell in a process called cellular respiration

ATP is the energy carrier of the cell and chemical energy temporarily stored there

the process of cellular respiration releases energy in small controlled amounts this is called ATP

metabolism is the process by which the body produces and uses energy from food, it involves both the production and the use of that energy.